Future Earth https://futureearth.org Research. Innovation. Sustainability. Mon, 21 Jul 2025 16:20:59 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.4.3 https://futureearth.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/favico.png Future Earth https://futureearth.org 32 32 ハチドリのくちばしを見れば人新世の到来がわかる https://futureearth.org/2025/07/21/the-rise-of-the-anthropocene-can-be-tracked-in-hummingbirds-beaks/ https://futureearth.org/2025/07/21/the-rise-of-the-anthropocene-can-be-tracked-in-hummingbirds-beaks/#respond Mon, 21 Jul 2025 16:20:59 +0000 https://futureearth.org/?p=35130 READ MORE

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カリフォルニアに生息するアンナハチドリのクチバシは、人々が人工的なフィーダーを吊るすようになってから長くなっていたことが、新たな研究で明らかになりました。

文:Warren Cornwall
2025年6月11日

進化に関する発見は、長い間、鳥のくちばしと関係してきました。

ガラパゴス諸島のフィンチのくちばしの形は実に多様で、チャールズ・ダーウィンの自然選択説を象徴するものとなりました。くちばしは長い時間をかけて、特定の島で手に入る食物により適した形に進化したのです。

同じように、アンナハチドリ(Calypte anna)のくちばしは、人新世における進化の象徴になるかもしれません。この小さな鳥のくちばしの形は、過去150年間の間に劇的に形を変えてきました。色鮮やかでアクロバティックなハチドリを呼び寄せるために、シロップ入りのフィーダーを吊るす人が増えたことが要因だと、科学者たちは最近『Global Change Biology』誌で報告しています。

この新たな発見は、人間の影響によって動物の体が変化した「教科書的な」例のように思われると、この研究には関与していないケンブリッジ大学の鳥類の進化を研究するElizabeth Steell氏はこの新発見について述べています。

ハチドリは、餌を得るためのユニークな適応能力で際立っています。長い針のようなくちばしを持ち、花の奥深くにある蜜を取ることができ、空中でホバリングできるほど素早く羽ばたき、花に近づきます。人新世は、このような動物の多くにとって優しい時代とは言えません。北米に生息するハチドリの多くは近年減少しており、生息地の喪失や花の開花時期の変化がその原因と考えられています。しかし、アンナハチドリは例外です。かつてはカリフォルニア州南部とメキシコのバハ半島の一部に生息していたこの鳥は、20世紀の間に生息域を広げ、西海岸全域に広がり、ブリティッシュ・コロンビア州まで北上しています。

この分布拡大の背景に何があったのか、そして19世紀のイタリアの公爵夫人にちなんで名付けられたこの鳥の体にどのように刻まれてきたのかを解明するため、科学者たちは、古い新聞や1860年代から保存されてきた約400羽の標本を含む、少し変わったデータソースの組み合わせに注目しました。

1800年代以降、人々はカリフォルニアに2つのハチドリの餌となる可能性のあるものを持ち込んでいます。花の咲くユーカリの木とハチドリのフィーダーです。1850年代に州全体に植えられたユーカリの木は、冬の間、蜜でいっぱいの花で覆われます。一方、レクリエーション用のハチドリのフィーダーは、ボトルに入った砂糖水を小さな花のような装飾のノズルから吸えるようになっており、ハチドリにとって一年を通じて利用できる餌の供給源となりました。その人気は、1928年のナショナル・ジオグラフィック誌の記事にさかのぼることができ、このようなフィーダーでハチドリを「手なずける」方法が紹介されています。商業製品として爆発的に普及したのは第二次世界大戦後のことで、1947年には最初の特許が取得されました。

しかし、ユーカリの木やハチドリ用フィーダーの普及状況について、体系的な調査を行っている人はいませんでした。そこで研究者たちは、おおよその数を把握するため、1860年以降のカリフォルニア州の新聞記事のデジタルアーカイブを調べました。そして、特定の郡の新聞においてユーカリの木かハチドリ用フィーダーのどちらかが広告や記事で記載されていた回数を記録しました。その結果を、カリフォルニア州で1938年から毎年行われている、鳥の個体数を追跡するためのイベント「クリスマス・バード・カウント」と比較しました。科学者たちはまた、国勢調査のデータから、この地域一帯の人口増加も追跡しました。分析の結果、アナハチドリの分布拡大は、ハチドリ用フィーダーが徐々に普及し、地域人口が増加したこととよく一致しており、これら三つの事柄が相互に関連していることが示唆されました。

ハチドリのくちばしには、フィーダーとの関連を示すさらなる手がかりが隠されていました。カリフォルニア大学バークレー校の博物館で、科学者たちは1861年から2020年の間に保存された約400羽のアンナハチドリの標本を調査しました。その結果、時間の経過とともにハチドリのくちばしは長くなっていることがわかりました。これは、舌をより餌に近づけ、くちばしをより大きくすることで、砂糖水をより効率よく吸い取れるようになったと考えられると研究者たちが報告しています。また、くちばしの長さの変化は、地元紙に掲載されたフィーダーに関する記事の数を基に推定されたフィーダーの普及密度の増加と共に追跡しています。

変化はそれだけではありませんでした。全体としては、世代を追うごとにアナハチドリのくちばしが長くなっていた一方で、分布の北端では逆の傾向が見られました。そこではくちばしが短くなっていたのです。これは、寒冷な気候に適応するために、鳥たちが保温力を高めるよう進化していた可能性があります。科学者たちがサーモグラフィを使って観察したところ、アンナハチドリは室温によってくちばしから熱を逃がす量を調節していることがわかりました。クチバシが短いほど熱を逃がしにくいため、寒冷地ではクチバシの短い鳥が有利になると考えられます。

この新しい研究によって、アンナハチドリが人間の手によって変化した環境に素早く適応する天才であることが浮き彫りになったが、なぜ他のハチドリよりうまく適応できているのかは説明できていない、とSteell氏は指摘しています。しかし、エメラルド色の背中とバラ色の喉を持つこの鳥たちは、もっと科学的な注目を浴びるべきで、ハチドリは「都市化に直面したときの可塑性と適応力を研究する理想的なモデルシステム」になりうると述べています。

出典:Alexandre, et. al. “Supplemental Feeding as a Driver of Population Expansion and Morphological Change in Anna’s Hummingbirds.” Global Change Biology. May 21, 2025.
画像:Adult male Anna’s hummingbird (Calypte anna) visits a bird feeder. (CC BY-SA 3.0) via Wikimedia

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シンプルな技術で船舶の排出量を半減できるかもしれない https://futureearth.org/2025/07/21/elegantly-simple-technology-could-cut-shipping-emissions-in-half/ https://futureearth.org/2025/07/21/elegantly-simple-technology-could-cut-shipping-emissions-in-half/#respond Mon, 21 Jul 2025 16:18:19 +0000 https://futureearth.org/?p=35126 READ MORE

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研究者らは、石灰石と海水を組み合わせ、船舶の排気ガスから排出されるCO2を安定性の高い重炭酸塩に変換する船上システムを開発しました。

文:Anthropocene Team
2025年7月3日

世界経済は世界中に商品を送ることに依存しています。しかし、海運業は二酸化炭素を多く排出しており、世界の炭素排出量の3%を占めています。このままの成長率が続けば、海運業は2050年までに世界の炭素排出量の約10%を生み出す可能性があります。

海運もまた、飛行機と同様、脱炭素化が極めて難しい分野です。しかし、科学者たちはこのほど、海が自然に二酸化炭素を吸収するプロセスを模倣し、船舶の排出量を半減させる新技術を開発しました。この新技術は船舶に搭載され、船舶の排気ガスから発生する二酸化炭素を重炭酸塩に変換します。この重炭酸塩を多く含む水は自然界にも存在し、数万年にわたって安定しているため、海に戻すことができます。

「これの何が素晴らしいかというと、シンプルであることだ」と南カリフォルニア大学(USC)のWilliam Berelson教授(地球科学)はプレスリリースで述べています。この研究は Berelson教授とカリフォルニア工科大学(Caltech)のJess Adkins教授(地質学・惑星科学)が主導し、その成果は『Science Advances』に掲載されました。

海運業界は、バッテリーや持続可能な水素アンモニア燃料の利用を試験することで、より環境に優しい業界を目指そうとしています。しかし、これらの技術は依然として高価であり、燃料は必ずしもクリーンな資源から得られるとは限りません。

クリーン燃料が実現するまでは、船舶が排出する二酸化炭素を削減する必要があります。そこでUSCとカリフォルニア工科大学のチームは、自然のメカニズムを加速させるルートを考案しました。海は、大気から大量の二酸化炭素を自然に吸収します。また二酸化炭素が水と反応すると炭酸になります。この炭酸は不安定で、分解されて安定した重炭酸イオンになります。

研究者たちが開発したシステムでは、船の排気ガスが船内に汲み上げられた海水と混ざります。二酸化炭素は水と反応して酸を生成し、その後、石灰岩の上を通過し、酸は石灰岩と反応して重炭酸塩を生成します。このように処理された重炭酸塩を含む水は、再び海に戻すことができます。

実験室で化学反応を小規模にテストした結果、このシステムは予測通りに機能することがわかりました。研究者たちはまた、重炭酸塩を多く含む水が海に放出された場合に何が起こるかを分析するために、コンピューターシミュレーションを実施しました。このモデルでは、中国とロサンゼルスを10年間継続的に往復する船を想定しています。その結果、放出された水が海洋のpHと化学的性質に与える影響は1.4%未満であり、二酸化炭素の排出量は50%減少することがわかりました。

Adkins教授はスタートアップ企業、Calcareaの共同設立者兼CEOで、現在、商業船会社との試験導入に向けた協議を進めています。

出典:Sijia Dong et al. Potential of CO2 sequestration through accelerated weathering of limestone on ships. Sci. Adv., 2025.
画像:Ian Simmonds on Unsplash

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Apply Now to Transdisciplinarity for Early Career Researchers in Asia (TERRA) School 2025 https://futureearth.org/2025/07/18/apply-now-to-transdisciplinarity-for-early-career-researchers-in-asia-terra-school-2025/ Fri, 18 Jul 2025 19:38:38 +0000 https://futureearth.org/?p=35117 READ MORE

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Applications are now open for the 7th TERRA+ (Transdisciplinarity for Early Career Researchers in Asia+) School, an intensive, short-term course focused on transdisciplinary research (TD). This year’s TERRA+ School is hosted by the Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN) and the Future Earth Japan Global Secretariat Hub. Participants will gain exposure to TD principles, tools, and methods, and have the opportunity to connect with a diverse network of researchers and practitioners.

The program will take place in person at RIHN in Kyoto, Japan, from December 4–9, 2025. The course is free, with a limited number of travel grants available for participants from Asia. Slots are open to candidates from around the world who are able to fund their own travel and participation.

This year’s School will be held consecutively with RIHN’s International Symposium on Capacity Building for Green Transformation, which will be held at the same venue on December 10-11, 2025. This provides participants a unique opportunity to pitch ideas, expand their professional networks, and explore future collaboration opportunities.

The TERRA+ School offers:

  • Intensive training in TD research approaches and methodologies
  • Practical experience with TD tools and concepts
  • Opportunities to build connections across regions, disciplines, and sectors
  • Access to potential fellowships and collaborative projects
  • Membership in a growing global network supported by Future Earth and RIHN

Eligibility Criteria:
Applicants must meet the following requirements:

  • PhD student or postdoctoral researcher (within the last 10 years), or sustainability practitioner with 5–10 years of relevant experience
  • Active or interested in bridging sustainability research and practice
  • Proficient in English

Selection Process:
Participant selection will occur in two stages:

  • Future Earth members are invited to nominate up to two candidates from within their networks. Please complete the nomination form by August 20, 2025.

  • Applicants must complete the application form by 6:00 PM Japan time on August 24, 2025. Early submissions are strongly encouraged. Successful applicants will be notified by mid-September 2025.

To learn more, check out reports and blog posts from previous TERRA⁺ Schools, and read through the 2025 program brief.

Please reach out with any questions to futureearth@chikyu.ac.jp

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On Top of the World at the Frontiers Planet Prize https://futureearth.org/2025/07/04/on-top-of-the-world-at-the-frontiers-planet-prize/ Fri, 04 Jul 2025 14:19:33 +0000 https://futureearth.org/?p=35079 READ MORE

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Attending the Frontiers Planet Prize 2025 in the mountain town of Villars-sur-Ollon, Switzerland, felt a bit like being on top of the world—literally and figuratively.

With sweeping alpine views as a backdrop, scientists, educators, students, and thought leaders gathered from across the globe to spotlight something equally breathtaking: breakthrough research with the power to shift the course of our planet’s future.

As a strategic partners for the prize, Future Earth joined this year’s event, held from 16-18 June, for the third edition of the international award. Its goal is to foster research on planetary boundaries that explores scalable, sustainable solutions to address our environmental crisis. Messages permeating the event included the urgency of upscaled action to accelerate the transition, the need for more effective engagement with societal stakeholders, and the appeal to people’s hearts: “protect what you love”.

Many pointed to the co-hosting of the Villars Symposium as a crucial component, which allowed the national champions, prize alumni, and academy representatives to mingle and interact with over 130 Villars fellows attending an overlapping and complementary educational program. The fellows are gifted young people selected by partner schools and colleges across 40 countries, representing the future hope of sustainability leadership.

The international winners were announced at a ceremony on 17 June, but not before spotlighting the research efforts of all the National Champions and their collaborators, crediting more than 380 researchers worldwide. The international winners are selected by a jury of 100 independent experts in sustainability, drawn from the  19 National Champions announced in April. Each international winner receives a prize of $1 million to develop their research efforts. In 2025, they came from Sweden, the US, and Australia and were invited to the stage to present their work’s relevance. Many in the audience said they were eager for a deeper dive into the award-winning insights.

All of the international winners emphasized the importance of research collaborations across disciplines and sectors, underscoring the collaborative spirit of sustainability science. “Of course, we know that science isn’t about individuals, it’s about teams,” said Jean-Claude Burgelman, Director of the Frontiers Planet Prize. “So we rely on institutions to nominate the lead person, and it’s up to them to divide the prize amongst their teams.”

Routes to Transformation

Over the three-day gathering, the National Champions shared their research in workshops and took part in wide-ranging conversations about how science can lead to real-world action and societal change. Not every project was ready to be scaled up just yet; some are still focused on deepening our understanding of how Earth’s systems work. That kind of foundational research is just as valuable and needs to be celebrated, too.

For research findings more aligned with action, participants highlighted that upscaling should be treated with care and forethought. What works well in one place might not work the same way elsewhere, especially given different policies, resources, and contexts. Researchers were encouraged to consider not just if a solution works, but how quickly and widely it can realistically be adopted.

When implementing nature-based solutions, industrial partnerships are often assumed to be a pathway to upscaling, but in many cases, this is not sustainable. A proven approach for improving scalability is cross-sector partnerships that co-design solutions, with scientists playing a facilitating role by providing the mechanistic understanding of the proposed solutions. A lengthy discussion was held on how the Frontiers Planet Prize could support the Champions more actively, by providing a series of interactions that could include mentorship, workshops, conference travel, and the establishment of Communities of Practice.

A common thread in discussions was the need for effective communication—from appealing to what the general public cares about, such as health risks, safety, and security, to telling personal stories, to helping people reimagine a more positive future. Scientists should emphasize the co-benefits of their solutions, for example, the positive effects of coastal restoration efforts on people’s livelihoods.

Practical measures include collaborating with policy-oriented brokering organisations, youth movements, and Indigenous Peoples, producing clear summaries and press releases, and investing in more training for scientists in science communication (which also has the much-needed benefit of supporting science journalism).

One of the national champions, Vincent Woon Kok Sin of Malaysia, said he hoped to ease the communication challenge using AI, by developing a large language model for decision-makers in different countries to provide tailored policy recommendations for managing emissions from solid waste.

To close the gap between science and action on the environmental crisis, participants highlighted the lack of systems that bring science into decision-making at local and national levels. While some countries have advisory committees to inform policy, many do not. Scientists were encouraged to join advisory groups, engage in science diplomacy, and build trusted relationships with decision-makers. Brokering or “boundary” organizations can help bridge that divide. Participants also urged science academies to take a stronger role in mentoring researchers and supporting these vital connections.

International awardees

Zahra Kalantari, Sweden’s national champion, was awarded for a study that quantifies the different ways that nature-based solutions in cities can help cut urban carbon emissions. She painted a vivid picture of a greener urban future, illustrating it with real-world examples such as New York’s regreening of a disused railway line now used for walking and cycling, and Copenhagen’s green roofs that reduce the need for air conditioning during summer heatwaves. The carbon mitigation effects come through often overlooked pathways, such as through behavioural change, microclimate regulation and resource savings. 

“This work came out of work with city planners in Stockholm 10 years ago, when we realized they just don’t consider the mitigation potential of nature-based solutions,” explained Kalantari, who is based at KTH Royal Institute of Technology. “There were no guidelines for them at city level, so we created this tool.” The study found that maximizing nature-based solutions could reduce urban carbon emissions by 17.4%, and up to 57.3% when combined with other mitigation strategies in EU cities by 2030. She had a simple message for climate negotiators at COP: consider the potential of these nature-based solutions for mitigation at the city level.

Zia Mehrabi, the US national champion, was recognized for a global analysis in the journal Science, showing that diversified agriculture can improve outcomes for humans and nature without impacting yields. Five simple strategies were investigated across 11 countries, including the use of multiple species, incorporating areas of non-crop vegetation such as hedgerows, and efforts to conserve soil or water. “What we eat and how we produce our food is probably the most important factor driving the planetary boundaries of biodiversity loss, freshwater change, climate change, and biogeochemical flows,” said Mehrabi, who is based at the University of Colorado Boulder.

The analysis, led by researchers from the Global Land Programme of Future Earth, Laura Van Rasmussen and Ingo Grass, provides evidence of win-win outcomes for farmers, particularly when multiple strategies are employed. Rasmussen added that improvements for soil were a particularly strong outcome. To deepen the impact of the research, the team will use the award to extend the analysis to include other beneficial diversification practices, build their coalition and reach inspirational leaders, build capacity in existing farming networks, and train the next generation of scholars and leaders.

The third international winner, Arunima Malik, who is the national champion for Australia based at the University of Sydney, was recognized for an analysis of international supply chains and their social, environmental and economic impacts. The work offers a multifaceted picture of how international trade can promote or hinder progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals. Asked what the award would support, she hopes to develop frameworks that can allow businesses to assess the impact of their supply chains. Bluntly, this will allow people “to choose to act to address the impacts of non-sustainable and unjust supply chains,” said Malik.

Next steps for planetary boundary science

Participants made several broad recommendations for the scientific research agenda for planetary boundary science. The concept of planetary boundaries continues to be useful, but more so for countries in the Global North than the Global South. Research exploring how applicable and tangible this framework could be to Global South contexts would be helpful.

For nature-based solutions, two research paths emerged: one local and transdisciplinary, the other global and data-driven. Exploring how these approaches could be better integrated may yield stronger outcomes. In agriculture and trade, there’s a need to assess the combined impacts of practices and supply chains on planetary boundaries—especially their effects on human health. AI is expected to support these complex assessments.

From a health and justice perspective, participants called for studies that quantify the economic costs of climate-related health impacts, do more attribution work, and strengthen monitoring systems. In water and ecosystems research, they suggested focusing on high-impact issues like drought or fire, or on sensitive regions such as the Arctic, to foster cross-disciplinary collaboration.

Amid a global rise in nationalism and populism, open scientific collaboration is more important than ever. Participants emphasized breaking down the social-natural science divide by:

  • Reforming funding to support social science;
  • Rethinking how universities and research institutions are structured, considering co-location of research groups to foster more interaction;
  • Building shared understanding of concepts and terms;
  • Changing authorship norms to promote greater diversity of gender, geography, and discipline.

We couldn’t stay on top of the world forever, but the Champions’ journey didn’t end at the summit. As they return home, they carry new recognition and influence. Their voices will be amplified on conference stages, in media, and through institutional support. As 2024 international winner Pedro Jaureguiberry of Argentina said, “winning this prize has been a game changer for my career.” Now, with three years of alumni, the Frontiers Research Foundation is building a network of sustainability leaders poised to shape the research agenda—and inspire lasting change.

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Risk-KAN Symposium 2025 Charts a New Course for Multi-Hazard Risk Research https://futureearth.org/2025/06/24/risk-kan-symposium-2025-charts-a-new-course-for-multi-hazard-risk-research/ Tue, 24 Jun 2025 16:16:03 +0000 https://futureearth.org/?p=35068 READ MORE

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Participants of the first Risk-KAN Symposium at IIASA in Laxenberg.

The first Risk-KAN Symposium, held on April 28, 2025, at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) in Laxenburg, marked a major milestone in advancing transdisciplinary risk research. Bringing together researchers, practitioners, and stakeholders, the event launched Risk-KAN’s new leadership structure and working groups, while setting a forward-looking agenda for addressing systemic and compound risks in a changing climate.

A central theme was the urgent need for risk science to engage directly with decision-makers in policy, industry, humanitarian response, and communities. Participants reaffirmed Risk-KAN’s mission to co-design research with those affected by risk and to serve as a hub for inter- and transdisciplinary collaboration across multiple hazards.

From Open Science to Strategic Structures

While Risk-KAN has supported open science through webinars and participation in forums like EGU and AGU, the symposium highlighted the need for more durable structures. Proposals included co-supervised PhDs and postdoc fellowships to foster cross-group collaboration, potential building blocks for new funding initiatives.

Emerging Themes from New Working Groups

Several working groups presented fresh research directions:

  • Climate, Disasters, Health, and Well-being (led by Martha Vogel) aims to link health outcomes to climate drivers through improved data and projections.

  • Climate Risk Modelling for the Financial Sector (led by Jana Sillmann) seeks to bridge gaps between climate science and financial risk analysis by aligning terminology, methods, and policy priorities.

  • Nature-based and Community-led Adaptation (led by Nicole van Maanen) focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of Nature-based Solutions and community-led approaches, particularly in regional contexts.

Each group plans ongoing engagement through seminars, publications, and contributions to major conferences like EGU.

Multi-Hazard Risk: Rethinking Science-Policy-Practice Interfaces

A high-level panel, led by Robert Šakić Trogrlić, addressed the complexity of multi-hazard risks. Panelists, including experts from the Zurich Foundation, Red Cross 510, WCRP, and VU Amsterdam, emphasized the need to move beyond siloed hazard models toward integrated, dynamic, and locally grounded approaches.

Challenges highlighted included limited data integration, static vulnerability assessments, and over-reliance on complex or opaque modeling. Tools like the Climate Resilience Measurement for Communities were cited as promising for combining quantitative and qualitative insights.

Panelists called for greater humility in scientific claims, stronger partnerships with Global South actors, and the use of storytelling to translate complex risks into actionable strategies.

Looking Ahead

Risk-KAN’s expanded working group structure will enable it to respond more effectively to emerging risks. Future plans include cross-cutting initiatives, such as summer schools, joint research, and thematic workshops, to strengthen collaboration across the network. IIASA expressed commitment to hosting the Risk-KAN Symposium as an annual event, anchoring long-term progress.

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海草からパン?海の中で穀物を栽培することは、海面上昇に対する洗練された解決策になるかもしれない。 https://futureearth.org/2025/06/18/bread-from-seagrass-cultivating-grains-in-the-ocean-could-be-an-elegant-solution-to-rising-seas/ https://futureearth.org/2025/06/18/bread-from-seagrass-cultivating-grains-in-the-ocean-could-be-an-elegant-solution-to-rising-seas/#respond Wed, 18 Jun 2025 17:51:47 +0000 https://futureearth.org/?p=35058 READ MORE

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大規模に養殖すれば、海草藻場から世界のコメ生産量の7%に相当する量の穀物を生産できることが、新しい研究で明らかになりました。

文:Emma Bryce
2025年5月23日

未来の農場は、海面上昇、肥沃な土地の浸水、塩分を含んだ土壌の増加という課題に直面しています。しかし、もし農家がこのような変化に対応できるとしたらどうでしょうか?

『Ambio』誌に掲載された新しい研究は、今後ますます海産物が増加する中で、一部の土地で生産者が海草に切り替える可能性を模索しています。この研究は、海草が大規模に養殖されれば、世界のコメ生産の7%に相当する量の穀物を生産することができるだけでなく、二酸化炭素の排出量もゼロになる可能性がある、と述べています。

アマモなど、この大きな海洋植物科の植物は、水中の新芽の中にふっくらとした種子を実らせます。俗に「海米」と呼ばれるこの海洋性穀物は、先住民族の文化において長い間食料源となってきました。その名前とは裏腹に、この穀物は実際には小麦に似ており、何世紀にもわたってメキシコのセリ族がパンを作るのに使ってきました。オランダのラドバウド大学で海草の再生と生態学を研究する、本研究の筆頭著者Marieke M. van Katwijk氏は、「この論文の目新しさは、海面上昇と私たちの景観を適応させるために必要な解決策を組み合わせたことだ」と指摘しています。

彼女の論文によれば、最も野心的な気候変動対策を行っても、2100年までに少なくとも1.5~2℃の温暖化が進み、62万平方キロメートルの土地が洪水の影響を受けやすくなります。現在と比較すると、海水の影響を受ける土地の面積は80,000平方キロメートル増加することになり、このことで海草の養殖が可能になると考えられます。

アマモは品種改良されていませんが、品種改良された米が1ヘクタール当たり平均4.7トンの生産量であるのに比べて、野生種でも現在1ヘクタールあたり3~6.5トンの食用穀物を生産できます。一方、育種家はその幅広い遺伝的多様性を利用して、より収量の高い品種を開発することができます。アマモは北アフリカからヨーロッパ、アジア、北米まで広く分布しているため、さまざまな塩分濃度や温度差にも耐性があり、変化する世界で海米を提供できます。

また、海草の栄養循環能力により、高い穀物収量を得るために化学肥料は必要にはなりません。また、農家はこの海草の自然な強みを、重要な炭素貯蔵庫として活用することができると言っています。種や場所にもよるが、藻場は毎年1ヘクタールあたり50~1900キログラムの炭素を隔離することができ、その速度は熱帯林の数十倍にもなります。

海米の播種、収穫、輸送の過程で、他の農業と同様に温室効果ガスが排出される可能性はあるものの、van Katwijk氏は、将来的にこれらのプロセスが脱炭素化されれば、海草の下に埋蔵されている炭素がこれらの排出量を完全に相殺する可能性が高いと述べています。

生物多様性の宝庫として、また商業漁業を支えるなど、海草がもたらす広範な生態系への恩恵は言うまでもありません。全体として、もしアマモが将来の海面上昇によって形成される新しい沿岸海域の80,000平方キロメートルの全域で養殖されれば、農家は年間5,200万トンの穀物を生産することができます。これは世界の米生産の3〜7%に相当する量です。これは「食糧生産と生態系サービスのバランスが取れた、とても洗練された解決策だ」とvan Katwijk氏は言います。

海草の養殖はまだ初期段階にあり、商業的に展開するための適切な品種がまだありません。しかし同時に、この初期段階であることは、従来の農業の過ちを修正するチャンスでもある、とvan Katwijk氏は考えています。

一方で、海草の養殖が、世界的に減少している野生の草原を保護する必要性に取って代わることなく、その回復が優先されるべきだとvan Katwijk氏は指摘しています。海草が野生の草原を侵食したり、野生の草原を海米の商業的収穫に利用すべきではありません。一方、自然を念頭に置いて農場を設計することで、これらの景観は野生生物や海洋生物多様性を支えることができます。また、慎重に管理された寄付金制度を取り入れて、自然の草原を復元し、その種の祖先を支援することもできます。そして同時に、海米は変化する世界に適応することで、食料安全保障を向上させることもできます。

海を利用した農業は遠い未来のことのように思えるかもしれないが、私たちは今からその準備を始めることができる、また「二酸化炭素の排出量がゼロの持続可能な食料生産には、海面がもっと上昇する遠い将来に応用できるよう、今日投資すべき魅力的なウィン・ウィンの機会がある」とvan Katwijk氏は指摘しています。

出典:Van Katwiik, M. “Grain fields in sea-landscapes.” Ambio. 2025.
画像:Daniel Von Staats/NERRS Science Collaborative

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多くの人は気候変動が起きていると信じているにも関わらず、ほとんどの人は行動を起こさない。なぜなのだろうか? https://futureearth.org/2025/06/18/many-people-believe-climate-change-is-happening-but-most-dont-act-why/ https://futureearth.org/2025/06/18/many-people-believe-climate-change-is-happening-but-most-dont-act-why/#respond Wed, 18 Jun 2025 17:44:28 +0000 https://futureearth.org/?p=35054 READ MORE

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炭素排出量に関する現状を変えられない人々の心理的障壁を克服するために、この新しい研究は何が有効で何が有効でないかを体系的に調べました。

文:Sarah DeWeerdt
2025年5月27日

将来について、特に自分自身と自分の大切な人々の将来についてもっと考えてもらうことが、気候変動に対する行動意欲を高める最も効果的な方法だと新しい研究が示しています。この研究では、二酸化炭素排出量に関する情報の閲覧から、環境に配慮した行動が各個人にどのような利点をもたらすかを考えるブレインストーミングに至るまで、気候変動への対策に人々の意欲を高めるための17の異なる戦略について試しました。

これまでは、このような戦略に関する研究のほとんどは、一度にひとつの介入方法を試して、それが有効かどうかを確かめていました。しかし、これにより異なる研究間の結果を比較することが難しくなっていました。しかし、研究者たちは現在、何が効果的かだけでなく、人々が炭素排出の現状を変えられない心理的障壁を克服するために何が最も効果的か、体系的に調べ始めています。

この新しい研究は、「戦略トーナメント」の一例であり、気候変動に関する複数の介入方法を同じ方法論を用いて同時に試す新しい研究デザインを使っています。研究者たちは、米国在住の成人7,624人をオンライン調査で募集しました。参加者は17の介入グループと対照グループのいずれかに無作為に割り付けられました。各介入グループは、気候行動を動機付けるための異なる心理的戦略を試しました。

介入策の効果を測定するため、研究者たちは参加者に、気候変動に関連するさまざまな行動に参加する頻度、今後多く参加する予定があるのか、またあまり参加する予定がないのか、さらに多くの人がその行動に参加したらどの程度有益だと思うかを尋ねました。

さらに参加者は、気候変動に関する5つのニュースの見出しと3つの嘆願書を閲覧し、その情報をソーシャルメディアで広く共有する可能性と、知人に直接共有する可能性の両方について質問を受けました。

研究チームのメンバーで、フィラデルフィアにあるペンシルバニア大学のコミュニケーション神経科学研究室(Communication Neuroscience Lab)と科学・持続可能性・メディアセンター(Penn Center for Science, Sustainability, and the Media)の博士研究員、Alyssa Sinclair氏は、「この研究により、人々に気候変動の未来を想像させること、特に自分自身や親しい他人を巻き込んだシナリオを想像させることが、行動意欲を高める最も効果的な方法であることを発見した」と言います。このような未来志向の介入には、将来、気候変動による悪影響を自分が経験することを想像することや、人々が住める地球を確保するために実施した取り組みについて、大人になってから読めるように子どもに手紙を書くことなどが含まれます。

「気候変動に関するニュースや嘆願書を共有する意欲を高めるには、気候変動を自分自身や自分の大切な人に関連づけるよう促すのが最も効果的だった」とSinclair氏は指摘しています。これは例えば、子どもへの手紙や、気候変動に関するニュースの見出しがなぜ自分や知人に関係があるのかを参加者に説明してもらうことなどでできます。

この研究結果は、米国科学アカデミー紀要に掲載されました。

気候変動対策の有効性に対する人々の認識を高めることを目的とした介入は、この目標を達成したものの、実際には行動そのものを促すものではありませんでした。「以前の調査では、知覚されたインパクトは、環境に良い行動をとる意思と関連していることがわかった。しかし、これらの結果は、知覚されたインパクトを高めることは役に立つかもしれないが、行動の動機付けには必ずしも必要でも十分でもないことを示唆している」とSinclair氏は説明します。

研究者たちはまた、個人の二酸化炭素排出量に関する情報を提供することは気候変動コミュニケーションの戦略として頻繁に実施されているにもかかわらず、行動や情報共有を促すのに効果のない介入策であることを特定しました。

子どもに手紙を書くことは、63カ国で11の異なる気候変動に関する介入策を試した、最近の別の研究でも効果的な戦略として浮上しました。その研究では、気候変動や気候変動対策に懐疑的な傾向のある米国の政治的右派の人々にとっても、手紙を書くことは効果的であったと指摘しています。

この新しい研究では、参加者は全員気候変動の存在と人為的な原因を肯定する、つまり米国の政治的左派の立場を取る人々でした。「現在進行中の研究では、リベラル派にも保守派の人々にとっても有効な介入策を模索している」とSinclair氏は言っています。研究者たちはまた、人々の意図だけでなく、日常的な行動に対する介入の効果を測定する方法も模索しています。

出典:Sinclair A.H. et al. “Behavioral interventions motivate action to address climate change.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2025.
画像:©Anthropocene Magazine, AI-generated

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Future Earth Member Awarded International Frontiers Planet Prize https://futureearth.org/2025/06/17/future-earth-member-awarded-international-frontiers-planet-prize/ Tue, 17 Jun 2025 16:05:57 +0000 https://futureearth.org/?p=35033 READ MORE

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Zia Mehrabi, a member of Future Earth’s global research network the Global Land Programme, was named one of three international winners of the 2025 Frontiers Planet Prize. 

Mehrabi was recognized for a study published last year in the journal Science that found widespread diversification in agriculture could improve both human and environmental health. Representing the United States, he received the honor during a June 17 ceremony at the Villars Symposium in Switzerland as well as a prize of $1 million to be used to further his research.

“We’re so proud of Zia Mehrabi to have received the award on behalf of the co-authors and most notably lead authors Laura Van Rasmussen and Ingo Grass,” says Global Land Programme director Ariane de Bremond. “The Global Land Programme community has long been instrumental in synthesizing place-based research to better understand the consequences of land-use change—and it is central to our mission to continually develop new synthesis methods and products.”

An assistant professor of environmental studies at the University of Colorado Boulder, Mehrabi leads the Better Planet Laboratory and explores how diversification can transform food systems. His work offers policymakers a practical, science-based roadmap for reshaping food systems to stay within Earth’s safe operating limits.

The other two 2024/25 International Champions are: 

  • Zahra Kalantari, representing Sweden from the Royal Institute of Technology, for her work integrating AI and geospatial tools to assess how nature-based solutions in urban areas can reduce emissions and increase resilience.
  • Arunima Malik, representing Australia from the University of Sydney, for her pioneering use of big data to measure the sustainability impacts of supply chains across multiple sectors and scales.

Launched by the Frontiers Research Foundation in 2022, the prize honors scientific breakthroughs that can help drive global sustainability transformations. Nominations come from national academies and academic institutes across the globe. A jury of 100 independent experts first selects a group of national champions, from which three outstanding international champions are chosen each year.

Future Earth supports the prize as a strategic partner, alongside the Potsdam Institute of Climate Research Impact, the International Science Council, the Villars Institute and others. To learn more about the prize, visit www.frontiersplanetprize.org.

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Vacancy: Research Coordinator – Earth Observations (ESA) https://futureearth.org/2025/06/11/vacancy-research-coordinator-earth-observations-esa/ https://futureearth.org/2025/06/11/vacancy-research-coordinator-earth-observations-esa/#respond Wed, 11 Jun 2025 15:31:54 +0000 https://futureearth.org/?p=35013 READ MORE

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Location: ESA ECSAT, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
Application Deadline: 1 July 2025
Consultancy Period: July 2025 – December 2027
Fee: 60 – 70 kEUR per year (depending on skills and experience)

Are you passionate about climate science, Earth observations, and international collaboration? The European Space Agency (ESA) and Future Earth are seeking a dynamic Research Coordinator to help bridge the gap between cutting-edge satellite data and global sustainability science.

About the Role
As Research Coordinator, you will act as a key liaison between the ESA Climate team and the Future Earth Global Secretariat. You will foster stronger links between ESA’s Earth observation initiatives and Future Earth’s global research networks — driving forward the use of satellite data and working at the science-policy interface for sustainability and climate
action.

You’ll be based at ESA’s ECSAT facility in Oxfordshire, with regular travel to Stockholm and international meetings. This role offers the opportunity to identify and coordinate new scientific activities, work at the intersection of science, policy, and innovation, engage with world-leading researchers and support impactful communication.

Key Responsibilities
• Connect ESA programs with Future Earth’s Global Research Networks.
• Collaborate with scientific steering committees, support workshops, and facilitate cross-network communication.
• Develop joint activities that expand the use of ESA Earth Observation (EO) data.
• Manage budgets and reporting for joint initiatives.
• Represent ESA and Future Earth at international events.
• Act as an interface between the ESA Climate Change Initiative (CCI) and the research community to enhance scientific uptake of EO data.
• Promote project outcomes via conferences, websites newsletters, and scientific literature.
• Support ESA and Future Earth involvement in key international events (e.g. UNFCCC COPs and research dialogues).
• Provide strategic insight to align research outputs with global environmental and climate policy needs.

Essential Skills & Experience:
• PhD in Earth Sciences, or 3–5 years of equivalent research experience.
• Strong understanding of Earth observation and global environmental change research.
• Research experience with use of ESA EO data and application.
• Excellent interpersonal, organizational, and communication skills.
• Fluent in English (written and verbal); other languages are a plus.

Desirable Qualifications:
• Familiarity with Future Earth’s mission and its Global Research Networks.
• Insight into international climate policy processes.
• Experience managing grants, budgets, and working in interdisciplinary teams.

Conditions
• You must be eligible to live and work in the UK
• The successful candidate will not be an employee of ESA or Future Earth but will engage via a consultancy or own company through a general service agreement.
• You must be willing to undertake regular international travel and participate in international online meetings which at times will be outside of regular working hours.

About the Partnership
This role is at the heart of a strategic partnership between ESA and Future Earth, aimed at transforming how Earth observation data supports sustainability science. Since 2016, this collaboration has linked data users with providers, helped set the research agenda to pioneer progress, and supported connections across research disciplines in support of transformations to global sustainability.
More information about past activities is available on the Future Earth website.

How to Apply
Send your CV and cover letter (in English), detailing your motivation and fit for the role, along with contact details for two referees, to: sweden@futureearth.org before the deadline of 12:00 noon (Europe) on 1 July.

Please mark your application “Research Coordinator”. Successful candidates will be notified of invitation to interview on 9 July, and interviews will be conducted on 23 July.

Be part of something bigger. Help shape the future of our planet with science and space.

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Global Voices, Inclusive Ocean Action: A Worldwide Call for Equitable Marine Conservation https://futureearth.org/2025/06/05/ocean-kan-unoc-statement/ Thu, 05 Jun 2025 08:05:39 +0000 https://futureearth.org/?p=34868 READ MORE

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Listening session in Taiwan. Photo courtesy of Jean Tseng.

As representatives from across the United Nations convene at the UN Ocean Conference (UNOC) to deliberate on global actions for our oceans, a vital chorus of voices from the grassroots level offers crucial insights. The Ocean Knowledge Action Network (Ocean KAN), a global collective of ocean professionals spanning over 35 countries and nearly a dozen Indigenous nations, conducted listening sessions across the planet. These sessions aimed to capture the perspectives of those working directly on ocean management, protection, science, and culture – voices often unheard in high-level global discussions. With the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development at its midpoint, these findings provide a timely check-in on whether global efforts are aligning with the needs of a healthy and thriving ocean.  

More than 240 participants shared their thoughts, highlighting a consistent set of pressing concerns that the UNOC must address to foster progress towards a vibrant marine future.  These concerns were shared at a Town Hall meeting at the One Ocean Science Congress immediately preceding UNOC.

Key Concerns Echoed Worldwide

Across diverse regions and communities, from California to the Caribbean, West Africa to the Western Indian Ocean, and coastal cities to Indigenous communities in Taiwan, several key themes emerged:  

  • Emphasis on Marine Pollution and Ecosystem Protection: The urgent need to tackle marine pollution, improve waste management, and prioritize protecting and restoring marine ecosystems and biodiversity was a consistently high priority.  
  • Leadership from Communities, Local Actors, and Indigenous Peoples: Participants stressed the fundamental importance of actively engaging local communities, Indigenous groups, and early-career ocean professionals (ECOPs) in ocean governance and decision-making processes.  
  • Calls for Enhanced Collaboration and Inclusivity: A strong call for increased collaboration – whether regional, international, or interdisciplinary – resonated throughout the sessions. Participants advocated for more inclusive processes that genuinely consider diverse perspectives, particularly those often excluded from formal UN dialogues.  
  • Addressing the Pervasive Threat of Climate Change: The profound impacts of climate change and the critical need for effective adaptation and mitigation strategies were widely recognized as significant concerns.  
  • Valuing Local Knowledge and Indigenous Knowledge: The importance of appropriately considering traditional Indigenous knowledge and local expertise with academic research was deemed essential for a more comprehensive understanding of marine ecosystems and their relationship with local communities.  

Recognizing Diverse Regional Needs: The sessions underscored that each region faces unique challenges and opportunities shaped by local contexts. Examples include Taiwan’s exclusion from UN processes despite its maritime importance, and Nigeria’s limitations in ocean observation infrastructure.

Working group in Cuba, as part of the Listening Sessions in Latin America and the Caribbean. Photo courtesy of Ulsía Urrea Mariño.

Regional Spotlights: A Glimpse into Diverse Priorities

While common themes prevailed, each listening session also highlighted specific regional priorities and challenges:

  • In Latin America and the Caribbean, participants prioritized understanding and combating marine pollution, alongside protecting and restoring ecosystems and biodiversity. They also highlight the blue economy’s benefits and necessary precautions for supporting renewable energy industries, ensuring local consultations to protect coastal communities’ rights, while encouraging better human-ocean relationships, bridging international discussions with local agendas. Finally, participants consider it crucial to integrate diverse perspectives in UNOC’s transformation of marine understanding and advocating for inclusive high-level discussions, ensuring representation of marginalized communities while stressing the need for transparency in industry accountability, particularly in discussing nature-based climate solutions facing scalability issues due to financial constraints, and highlighting the environmental injustices against marginalized populations.
  • The Western Indian Ocean sessions emphasized the need for improved governance and collaboration, inclusivity and equity (particularly gender equality and youth empowerment), enhanced ocean literacy, addressing climate change vulnerability, protecting marine ecosystems, and tackling pollution and waste management. Strategic priorities for the UNOC included ecosystem restoration, inclusive governance, regional collaboration, innovative financing, and bolstering science and education. 
  • In Taiwan, early career ocean professionals (ECOPs), Indigenous youth, and young ocean educators all ranked marine pollution and ecosystem protection as top concerns. A significant finding was that over 60% of ECOPs and Indigenous youth were unaware of the UN Ocean Decade, largely due to Taiwan’s exclusion from formal UN processes. Participants strongly advocated for the meaningful inclusion of Taiwan’s marine expertise in international dialogues.  
  • Nigerian researchers highlighted significant challenges in ocean research, including limited monitoring infrastructure, fragmented efforts, habitat destruction, and pollution, compounded by climate change impacts. They proposed investment in technology, interdisciplinary collaboration, international partnerships, and the integration of Indigenous knowledge as key solutions.  
  • Students and researchers from the University of California at Santa Cruz Coastal Science and Policy Program called for a stronger, more explicit focus on climate change (both mitigation and adaptation), greater consideration of ecological tipping points, and increased specificity in addressing conference priorities. They also emphasized the need for deep-sea protection, equity, decision-making authority for Indigenous and under-represented groups, transparency in ocean finance, and a better understanding of the impacts of ocean economies.  

An Urgent Call for Inclusive Action

The collective message from these global listening sessions is clear: the path to a healthy and vibrant ocean requires a more inclusive, collaborative, and responsive approach. The UN Ocean Conference serves as a pivotal moment to not only acknowledge these diverse voices but to translate their concerns and insights into concrete, impactful actions. Volarizing local and Indigenous knowledge systems, ensuring equitable participation in decision-making, and fostering genuine collaboration across all levels are paramount. As the world looks towards solutions for our shared ocean, the experiences and wisdom from those on the frontlines of marine conservation and community stewardship offer invaluable guidance. Continued dialogue and decisive action, informed by these grassroots perspectives, will be essential to achieve the sustainable development goals that depend on a thriving marine environment. 

Read a more detailed summary of findings from the Ocean KAN Listening Sessions.

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